Bothwell, A., Van, J., & Westhuizen, D. (2011). Can Canada Still Be Considered a Middle Power? Zimbabwe and Canada’s Declining Global Role. https://scholar.sun.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/2bbc64bd-4d71-4486-9e95-6baaf7863d80/content. In this article, Bothwell explores Canada’s middlepowership especially in the context of Canada’s role in Zimbabwe’s politics and the two countries’ relations through the 20th and 21st centuries. She concludes that while Canada used to be a prominent middle power, “Canada can no longer be viewed as a traditional middle power.” Its “prominence is waning” and she categorizes the country as a “waning middle power.”

Brenan, M. (2022, October 18). Americans’ trust in media remains near record low. Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/poll/403166/americans-trust-media-remains-near-record-low.aspx

Broadcasting Act, SC 1991, c. 11, s. 3(1)(iv).

Caldera, C. (2020, November 28). Fact check: Fairness Doctrine only applied to broadcast licenses, not cable TV like Fox News. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/11/28/fact-check-fairness-doctrine-applied-broadcast-licenses-not-cable/6439197002/

CBC News. (2009, May 15). By the numbers. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/by-the-numbers-1.801937. 90% of Canadians live within 160 kilometers of the US border.

Davide, M. (2021). Canadian newspaper federal election endorsements [Online Image]. In The Maple. https://www.readthemaple.com/content/images/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/federal-elections-endorsements-with-ownership.png

Gottfried, J., Mitchell, A., Jurkowitz, M., & Liedke, J. (2022, June 14). Journalists Sense Turmoil in Their Industry Amid Continued Passion for Their Work. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2022/06/14/journalists-sense-turmoil-in-their-industry-amid-continued-passion-for-their-work/

Grabow, J. (2023, January 30). 2022 recap: Second highest year for VC investment, but winter is here. Ernst & Young. https://www.ey.com/en_us/insights/growth/q4-2022-venture-capital-investment-trends

Hershey, R. D., Jr. (1987, August 5). F.C.C votes down fairness doctrine in a 4-0 decision. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/05/arts/fcc-votes-down-fairness-doctrine-in-a-4-0-decision.html

Isgut, A., Bialas, L., & Milway, J. (2006). Explaining Canada-U.S. differences in annual hours worked. Institute for Competitiveness and Prosperity. This paper analyzes the key reasons why Canadians work significantly fewer hours than Americans. The study, covering the years 1997-2004, attributes the gap—an average of 157 fewer hours worked annually by Canadians—to several factors, including higher vacation time, increased part-time work, and cultural differences that prioritize leisure over consumption. Institutional factors such as stronger union presence and stricter labor standards in Canada also play a role. Economic conditions, such as higher marginal tax rates in Canada and less unionization in the U.S., explain why Americans generally work more hours. The study concludes that institutional and cultural factors together account for the work hours gap, influencing GDP differences between the two nations.

Janzen, R. (2021). Melting pot or mosaic? Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. https://www.ascd.org/el/articles/melting-pot-or-mosaic. This articles talks about multiculturalism within the context of the American education system. The article talks about how “American education has traditionally been assimilationist” and contrasts that with a new approach of cultural pluralism..

John Murray Gibbon. (1938). Canadian mosaic: The making of a northern nation. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. Gibbon talks about the idea of Canada being a cultural mosaic where each group retains the own distinct identity while contributing to the Nation as a whole. He contrasts this with the idea of a “melting pot” which he uses as a metaphor for the more, at the time, assimilationist American approach to immigration..

Jurkowitz, M., Mitchell, A., Shearer, E., & Walker, M. (2020). U.S. Media Polarization and the 2020 Election: A Nation Divided. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2020/01/24/u-s-media-polarization-and-the-2020-election-a-nation-divided/. Americans are deeply divided on partisan lines when it comes to the news sources they trust, distrust, and rely on.

Li, V., Hamza, M., & Arif, A. (2023). Mind the gap: Compensation disparity between Canadian and American technology workers. The Dais. https://dais.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CanadaUSWageGap_V9.pdf. This report from 2023 reveals that tech workers in the US earn approximately 46% more than their Canadian counterparts, a difference of nearly $40,000 CAD annually. This significant disparity is influenced by several factors, including a higher prevalence of part-time work in Canada and differences in wage premiums based on educational attainment, which are notably higher in the US. The report also highlights that American tech workers benefit from substantial non-wage compensation like stock options and bonuses, which are more generous than in Canada. Additionally, geographic factors play a role, with US tech hubs offering a significant wage premium not found in Canadian tech cities. The study also discusses gender and racial inequities in tech, noting that women and racial minorities, particularly in the US, face significant wage disparities compared to their male and White counterparts, respectively. Overall, the paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the complex factors contributing to the wage gap between Canadian and American tech workers.

Martin, G. J., & Yurukoglu, A. (2017). Bias in cable news: Persuasion and polarization. American Economic Review, 107(9), 2565–2599. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160812

Matthews, D. (2011, August 23). Everything you need to know about the Fairness Doctrine in one post. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-fairness-doctrine-in-one-post/2011/08/23/gIQAN8CXZJ_blog.html

Maye, A. (2019). No-Vacation Nation, Revised. Center for Economic and Policy Research. https://cepr.net/images/stories/reports/no-vacation-nation-2019-05.pdf. In No-Vacation Nation, Adewale Maye explores the stark disparities between the United States and other advanced economies regarding paid vacation and holiday policies. The report highlights that the U.S. is the only OECD country that does not mandate paid annual leave or holidays, leaving approximately one-fourth of its workforce without such benefits. In contrast, countries in the European Union and others like Australia, New Zealand, and Canada guarantee workers significant paid leave, often totaling 20 or more days annually. The analysis underscores that U.S. workers, particularly those in low-wage, part-time, or small business positions, are disproportionately disadvantaged. It also examines international practices, including provisions ensuring leave usage and additional benefits for specific worker categories. The findings suggest that the lack of federal mandates in the U.S. exacerbates inequalities and impacts worker well-being and productivity.

Media Bias Fact Check. (2023, December 31). CBC news (Canadian broadcasting) – bias and credibility. Media Bias/Fact Check. https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/cbc-news-canadian-broadcasting/

Merkley, E. (2023, May 29). Mass polarization in Canada: What’s causing it? Why should we care? Centre for Media, Technology and Democracy. https://www.mediatechdemocracy.com/all-work/mass-polarization-in-canada-whats-causing-it-why-should-we-care

Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Robertson, C. T., Arguedas, A. R., & Nielsen, R. K. (2024). Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2024. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.

Omelus, S. (2006). Is Canada a middle power?: an empirical test of the middle power debate [M.A. Thesis]. https://unbc.arcabc.ca/islandora/object/unbc:16720. Omelus takes a look at several empirical indicators over a forty year period that are usually deemed important in gauging a state’s hierarchical rank (total population, total GNP, total military expenditure, multilateral agreements, and peacekeeping participation) and linked them systematically to three categories of states: great, middle and small. Omelus concludes that Canada was and still remains a middle power.

Owen, T., Bridgman, A., Gagnon, E., Gorwa, R., Maclellan, S., Merkley, E., Potter, A., Skazinetsky, B., & Zhilin, O. (2019). Research memo #7: The partisan playground. Public Policy Forum. https://www.mcgill.ca/maxbellschool/files/maxbellschool/ddp-research-memo-7-oct2019.pdf

Owen, T., Bridgman, A., Loewen, P., Merkley, E., Gorwa, R., Maclellan, S., Ruths, D., & Zhilin, O. (2020). Lessons in resilience: Canada’s digital democracy and the 2019 election. Public Policy Forum and Max Bell School of Public Policy. https://ppforum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/DDP-LessonsInResilience-MAY2020-EN.pdf

Pagano, P. (1987, June 21). Regan’s veto kills fairness doctrine bill. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-06-21-mn-8908-story.html

Parikh, T. (2023, September 3). Why isn’t Canada an economic giant? Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/67e97cc4-6ab0-4e78-b4a8-7c97b8e52ada. Parikh explores Canada’s relatively poor economic performance compared to its potential to be an economic powerhouse. By all accounts, Canada’s geography suggests it could be an economic powerhouse, but by purchasing power parity, its economy is ranked 15th globally in size behind Turkey, Italy, and Mexico. Parikh notes that poor productivity is at the heart of the country’s growth challenges.

Peach, C. (1980). Ethnic segregation and intermarriage. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 70(3), 371–381. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1980.tb01320.x

Peach, C. (2005). The mosaic versus the melting pot: Canada and the USA. Scottish Geographical Journal, 121(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00369220518737218. A very comprehensive overview of the mosaic vs melting pot phenomenon in the USA and Canada. It looks at differences in levels of residential segregation between the USA and Canada because substantial cumulative literature points to the way in which high levels of segregation are associated with the maintenance of foreign mother tongues, in-marriage, and traditional dress. Low levels of segregation are correlated with the opposite phenomena: high out-marriage, high percentages of English speaking, and a lack of distinctiveness of the original minority from the charter population. Assimilation and segregation are inversely correlated. Peach concludes that, with the exception of the Black population and possibly the Italians and Asian Indians, the differences in levels of segregation between Canada and the USA are not great. They do not bear out any major distinction between a Canadian Mosaic and a US Melting Pot model. However for the aforementioned exception groups, differences do exist between the two countries’ approach. The differences point weakly to a Canadian mosaic but to a decidedly American melting pot. A very important note is that Black Segregation is the biggest contrast between the US and Canada. While Seattle and Vancouver have similar percentage of black people in the population, Seattle has a higher Index of Segregation (IS). Same applies with Boston and Toronto. Same percentage, but the US city has a significantly higher IS.

Postmedia News. (2022, January 5). Woke nightmare: In her first chat, Tara Henley sounds off on CBC’s radical editorial agenda. Toronto Sun. https://torontosun.com/news/national/a-woke-nightmare-in-her-first-chat-tara-henley-sounds-off-on-cbcs-radical-editorial-agenda

Pratt, B. M., Hixon, L., & Jones, N. A. (2015). Measuring race and ethnicity across the decades: 1790-2010 [Online Image]. In U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/data-tools/demo/race/MREAD_1790_2010.html

Rendall, S. (2018, July 29). The Fairness Doctrine: How we lost it and why we need it back. Sisyphus. https://sisyphuslitmag.org/2018/07/the-fairness-doctrine-how-we-lost-it-and-why-we-need-it-back/

Reporters without Borders. (2023). 2023 World Press Freedom Index. Rsf.org. https://rsf.org/en/index?year=2023. Canada ranks 15th with a score of 83.53. USA ranks 45th with a score of 71.22.

reubendevries. (2023, June 12). I’m shocked how many…. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/canada/comments/1476s0z/comment/jnv2yd8/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web3x&utm_name=web3xcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button. “I’m shocked how many people seem to forget that Canada is slightly left-leaning. Meaning CBC as a representative of Canadian media should have a slightly left-leaning bias. This is normal, it’s not something that needs to be fixed.”

Sali, D. (2023, January 3). Canadian firms raised $8.2B in venture capital in 2022, down 42% from 2021: Report. Ottawa Business Journal. https://obj.ca/canadian-firms-raised-8-2b-in-venture-capital-in-2022-down-42-from-2021-report/

Statistics Canada. (2022a). The Daily — National balance sheet and financial flow accounts, fourth quarter 2022. Government of Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/230313/dq230313a-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. (2022b, February 9). Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Toronto [Census metropolitan area], Ontario. Government of Canada. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=toronto&DGUIDlist=2021S0503535&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0. The population of the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area as of 2021 is 6,202,225.

Statistics Canada. (2022c, February 9). Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Vancouver, City (CY) [Census subdivision], British Columbia. Government of Canada. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Vancouver&DGUIDlist=2021A00055915022&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0. Population, density, and other demographic characteristics of the City of Vancouver as of the 2021 census.

Statistics Canada. (2022d, October 26). Table 98-10-0356-01 Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts. Government of Canada. https://doi.org/10.25318/9810035601-eng

Statistics Canada. (2022e, October 26). The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country’s religious and ethnocultural diversity. Statistics Canada; Government of Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm. Close to 70% of Canada’s population report being White.

Statistics Canada. (2022f, October 26). Visible minority and population group by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts. Government of Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810032401. 69.8% of Canadians report being White.

Statistics Canada. (2024, June 19). Canada’s population clock (real-time model). Government of Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/71-607-x/71-607-x2018005-eng.htm#shr-pg0

Stefon, M. (2024, April 9). fairness doctrine. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fairness-Doctrine

Sullivan, B., Hays, D., & Bennett, N. (2023). The Wealth of Households: 2021. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf. American Home equity makes up 28.5%.

Tattrie, J. (2019). Media Bias in Canada. In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/media-bias-in-canada

The Economist. (2023, December 14). American journalism sounds much more Democratic than Republican. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/united-states/2023/12/14/american-journalism-sounds-much-more-democratic-than-republican. In this article, the Economist explains how they conducted an analysis of 242,000 articles from news websites in 2016-22 and transcripts of 397,000 prime-time TV segments from 2009-22. They compiled a partisan “dictionary” by taking all speeches in Congress from 2009-22 and breaking them up into two-word phrases that reliably distinguish Democratic and Republican speeches. They analyzed the frequency with which the news articles and transcripts used the partisan phrases and calculated an ideological score. For example, a story in which 0.1% of distinct phrases are Republican and 0.05% are Democratic has a conservative slant of 0.05 percentage points, or five per 10,000 phrases. Their findings track well to estimates and ratings from AllSides and Media Bias Fact Check. They found that American media exhibits a Democratic bias, using more language associated with left-leaning politicians. This bias has increased since 2016, particularly within news coverage of domestic politics. The number of media sources covering politics in balanced language has dwindled. Mainstream outlets like the New York Times and CNN have shifted noticeably towards the left in their language. The shift is primarily due to changes in language rather than coverage topics. There is a debate about whether this bias reflects actual political trends or media bias. Overall, the findings suggest that conservatives have a perception that the media is hostile towards their viewpoints..

Thierer, A. (1993, October 29). Why the Fairness Doctrine is anything but fair. The Heritage Foundation. https://www.heritage.org/government-regulation/report/why-the-fairness-doctrine-anything-fair. This article criticizes the Fairness Doctrine with three points. 1) Even though the frequency spectrum is limited, the number of broadcasters has continuously increased, therefore there’s little prospect of speech being stifled. 2) The FCC is in no position to determine what is “fair” nor enforce it. 3) The Fairness Doctrine had the opposite intended result, because instead of showcasing multiple perspectives, broadcasters simply stayed away from controversial issues to avoid having to go through the hassle of the Fairness Doctrine’s policies..

Trudeau, P. (1969, March 25). News conference at the National Press Club in Washington, DC [TV]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSn7_jdq11I. Trudeau Sr. utters his famous quote about living next to the U.S. being like “sleeping with an elephant.”

U.S. Census Bureau. (2021a). ASIAN ALONE BY SELECTED GROUPS. American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B02015. Retrieved December 16, 2024, from https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2021.B02015?q=B020&t=Asian&y=2021&d=ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2021b). TOTAL POPULATION. American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B01003. Retrieved December 16, 2024, from https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2021.B01003?q=Population Total&y=2021&d=ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2022). Asian Alone or in Any Combination by Selected Groups. American Community Survey, ACS 5-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B02018. https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2022.B02018?q=asian

U.S. Census Bureau. (2024, March 11). Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2020-2023. Census.gov. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html#v2023. Updated populations of urban areas in the US as of 2023.

Wikipedia contributors. (2024a, March 13). List of North American metropolitan areas by population. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_North_American_metropolitan_areas_by_population&oldid=1213430343. This Wikipedia page compiles multiple data sets on population across various North American countries into one convenient table. While Wikipedia isn’t always looked favorably upon in academic contexts, this is a YouTube video lol.

Wikipedia contributors. (2024b, April 3). Demographics of Canada. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Canada&oldid=1217002308

Wikipedia contributors. (2024c, April 8). Race and ethnicity in the United States. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States

Wikipedia contributors. (2024d, May 1). List of United States cities by population. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population. Using for population and density information.

Wikipedia contributors. (2024e, May 3). List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population&id=1221971349&wpFormIdentifier=titleform

Wikipedia contributors. (2024f, May 9). Demographics of the United States. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_United_States&oldid=1223086548